Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Moser M (1986) Fluid and protein shifts aft postural changes in human. Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Kravik SE, Greenleaf JE (1988) Effect of lower body positive pressure on postural fluid shifts in men. Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Leopold H, Kenner T, Holzer H (1980) Über den thermischen Ausdehnungskoeffizienten des Blutes und seiner Komponenten. Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Harrison MH, Greenleaf JE (1987) Early fluid and protein shifts in men during water immersion. Hinghofer-Szalkay H, Greenleaf JE (1987) Continuous monitoring of blood volume changes in humans. Hinghofer-Szalkay H (1986) Continuous blood densitometry: fluid shifts after graded hemorrhage in animals. Hinghofer-Szalkay H (1986) Method of high-precision microsample blood and plasma mass densitometry. Hinghofer-Szalkay H (1985) Volume and density changes of biological fluids with temperature. Hinghofer-Szalkay H (1980) Untersuchungen zum Einfluß von Körperlage und Schwerkraft auf die Eigenschaften von Blut und Plasma. Heimel H, Leopold H, Stabinger H (1983) Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Untersuchung von Flüssigkeitseigenschaften. Haas G (1986) Zur Biologie der Alterung von Blutkonserven-ein neuer Anwendungsbereich der Biegeschwingermethode. Gamas L, Lee JS (1986) Density indicator method to measure pulmonary blood flows. Gallasch E, Moser M, Kenner T (1986) Characterization of arteriovenous transfer functions in the coronary circulation. J Phys Chem 84:158–162Įffros RM (1974) Osmotic extraction of hypotonic fluid from the lungs. A simple model for the description of this reaction is presented.īernhardt, J, Pauly HH (1980) Pycnometric versus densimetric measurements of highly viscous protein solutions. This fluid shift can be recognized by a reduction of the blood density. The injection of a hypertonic solution leads to an osmotic fluid shift from the extravascular space towards the blood. The arterio-venous density gradient in an organ depends on the lymph production. The new technique opens a reasonable simple way to study fluid shift between interstitial space and capillaries. The influence of temperature and of certain artifacts like acceleration forces in the density measuring device have to be considered and may be used for additional diagnostic purposes like determination of erythrocyte sedimentation velocity. The density dilution method can be used for the determination of distribution volumes, of flow through organs, and of the cardiac output. A further new technique permits us to determine fluid densities by measuring sound velocity transmission. Until the oscillator technique was available the measurement of density was too complicated or too inaccurate for routine laboratory use. It appears that the scientific interest in a variable like blood density depends on the availability of a suitable and simple method. This review summarizes recent work performed with this technique. Since the introduction of the mechanical oscillator technique for the continuous recording of fluid density a sizeable amount of experience has accumulated.
Blood density is proportional to hematocrit or, more exactly, to the total protein concentration of blood only to a minor extent is blood density influenced by other plasma solutes. The classical technique to measure the density of fluids consists of a determination of mass and volume. Density is defined as mass per unit volume.
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